Evidence For And Against Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay

Evidence For And Against Climate Change Environmental Sciences Essay Climate Change is a very controversial global issue which has committed supporters and detractors. Critically evaluate the evidence for and against climate change and provide your own assessment of the current and future risks that the planet faces by 2050. It is expected that you will give a broad view of your subject giving weight to policy, regulatory, economic and risk management impacts as well as health and environmental impacts. Use a case study to illustrate a key component of the climate change agenda. The worlds climate is changing and the consequences are serious, wide ranging and long-term. Despite the overwhelming scientific consensus that this is happening, the issue of climate change has its detractors, whose opposition to the phenomenon range from disagreeing about the extent of the problem, the extent of mans influence, to the accuracy of the modeling techniques. During the essay the evidence from both sides will be evaluated and the current and longer term economic, social, and environmental effects assessed. The definitions of climate change vary greatly, but the two most useful are the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) definition where broadly speaking climate change relates to a change in climate which is attributed, directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and that is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) which refers to any change in climate over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity, which is perhaps a more useful definition. Firstly before looking at the evidence for climate change it is useful to understand the global energy flow (radiative budget), which was first suggested by Kiehl and Trenbirth (1997), illustrated in picture 1 below: Picture 1 The incoming solar radiation, often labelled in percentage terms, must match the outgoing short and longwave radiation to achieve radiative equilibrium. Radiative forcing is the measure of the influence that a specific factor has in altering the balance of this incoming and outgoing energy, and is therefore a useful indication of the importance of that factor to change the climate. Positive forcing will generally mean that the surface of the earth is warmed, whilst negative forcing tends to cool the surface. The Kyoto protocol, adopted in December 1997 and entering into force in February 2005, committed all Annex1 countries (39 industrialised countries the EU) to a reduction in four greenhouse gases (Carbon dioxide, Methane, Nitrous oxide and Sulfur hexafluoride) and two groups of gases called hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) (often found in refridgerants) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) (also in refridgerants but having a wide variety of medical and non-medical uses and according to Askam, Khalil et al. (2003) having a lifetime up to 50,000 years). Carbon dioxide is perhaps the most studied and well known of the anthropogenic GHGs. Since some infra-red radiation leaving the planet is absorbed by CO2, the greater the CO2 the greater the absorbtion and reflection of heat and the warmer the climate. Perhaps the most significant indicator of the increase in the level of CO2 in the last 50 years is shown in graph 1 below. This is the measurement of CO2 concentrations as measured in Hawaii, far from industrial areas so no localised bias is present, though these measurements have been replicated around the world (e.g. Pieter P. Tans and Thomas J. Conway 1968-2002) Monthly Atmospheric CO2 Mixing Ratios from the NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory Carbon Cycle Cooperative Global Air Sampling Network, 1968-2002. NOAA Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, Boulder, Colorado 80305, U.S.A.) Graph 1 Image created by Robert A. Rohde / www.globalwarmingart.com Similar measurements have been found in ice core samples, which enable us to get a much better picture over time. Graph 2 below shows the CO2 variations over time from the past 420,000 years. Graph 2 Image created by Robert A. Rohde / www.globalwarmingart.com This shows the CO2 levels fluctuating in line with the ice-ages, however, the most important section is the insert the marked increase since the industrial revolution from around 1750/1800. A clear indication of humans influence. More evidence is given in the IPCC 4th Annual Report Working Group summary that the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has increased from 280ppm (pre-industrial level) to 379ppm in 2005. In addition the annual CO2 concentration growth was larger during the last 10 years (1995-2005 : 1.9ppm per year) than it has been since the beginning of continuous direct atmospheric measurements (1960-2005 : 1.4 ppm per year). In a similar fashion the levels of Methane (from a pre-industrial level of 715ppb to 1732ppb in the early 1990s and 1774ppb in 2005) and Nitrous oxide (from pre-industrial levels of roughly 270ppb to 319ppb in 2005) have increased markedly over recent years. Looking at the radiative forcing discussed earlier the There are many different indications of how the climate has altered, and over several different timescales ranging from the most recent 150 years since 1860, since roughly the time of industrial revolution since 1750 and for the past 10-100 thousand years. Each of these will be looked at in turn. The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change in its most recent report in 2007 stated: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level. Most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. This is an advance since the TARs conclusion that most of the observed warming over the last 50 years is likely to have been due to the increase in greenhouse gas concentrations. Discernible human influences now extend to other aspects of climate, including ocean warming, continental-average temperatures, temperature extremes and wind patterns The time series shows the combined global land and marine surface temperature record from 1850 to 2009. The year 2009 was the sixth warmest on record, exceeded by 1998, 2005, 2003, 2002, and 2004. This time series is being compiled jointly by the Climatic Research Unit and the UK Met. Office Hadley Centre. The record is being continually up-dated and improved (see Brohan et al., 2006). This paper includes a new and more thorough assessment of errors, recognizing that these differ on annual and decadal timescales. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human activities are most likely the underlying cause of warming in the 20th century. Brohan, P., J.J. Kennedy, I. Harris, S.F.B. Tett and P.D. Jones, 2006: Uncertainty estimates in regional and global observed temperature changes: a new dataset from 1850. J. Geophysical Research 111, D12106, doi:10.1029/2005JD006548 http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/info/ Detractors In a debate that has become highly polarised the label climate sceptic is readily slapped on anybody who stands on the soapbox and contradicts Al Gore. In reality, the sceptic landscape is more varied, ranging from those scurrilously pursuing scientific truth to others with more obvious economic or political gains to play for. Richard Lindzen, an American atmospheric physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has been one of the most vocal in expressing concerns over the validity of computer models used to predict future climate change. He argues that they may be over-predicting future warming due to a failure to properly account for the climate systems water vapour feedback. However he has also been an active contributor to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment reports. Gavin Schmidt, a climatologist at the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies commented that Lindzen agrees with about 90 per cent of what other climate scientists are saying, yet the last 10 per cent is sufficiently different to label him a contrarian. Stephen McIntyre, editor of sceptic blog ClimateAudit and former director of several state-owned Canadian mineral exploration companies, is known in the climate science community for his continual demands for raw data. McIntryre was behind an orchestrated campaign that led to 60 Freedom of Information requests being made to CRU scientists at the University of East Anglia in a single weekend in July. However, while potentially vexatious, McIntyre has made genuine scientific contributions, notably spotting a mistake in NASA data that led to the average US temperatures to be reduced about 0.15C for the period 2000-2006. Philip Stott, an emeritus professor of biogeography at the University of London (although not a published climate scientist), has publicly argued that the climate is too complex and chaotic a system to make long-term predictions on. None of these scientists are climate change deniers, but they question the certainty of the scientific consensus. Several Tory MPs have recently contradicted the Green Conservative line of the Cameron era. Peter Lilley, one of only three MPs to vote against the governments Climate Change Bill in October, has accused climatologists of an unconscious conspiracy in which a dogmatic determination to conform to a consensus driven by the incentive of public funding has made them happier to let the data fit the theory rather than the opposite. David Davis has also spoken out on what he describes as a ferocious determination to impose hair-shirt policies on the public. Taxes on holiday flights and noisy wind turbines are too high a price to pay, he suggests. Both MPs claim to be open to the possibility that man has significantly contributing to climate change, but both remain unconvinced by the evidence. Former Tory Chancellor Nigel Lawson, has also publicly stepped up his opposition to environmental policy, founding the think tank, the Global Warming Policy Foundation, complete with a board of fairly distinguished academics to provide scepticism with a respectable face. However, the think tank was this week accused by scientists of appearing to misrepresent scientific data on its website. At the far end of the spectrum, figures such as Sarah Palin appear to be happy to disregard scientific evidence wholesale in favour of economic gain. Despite substantial differences in outlook, bundled together under the sceptic brand, the views of these individuals appear to be increasingly gaining favour with the public in the lead up to Copenhagen. PLAN For climate change Against climate change Case study Assessment of current risks Assessment of future risks to 2050

Friedrich Nietzsche Essay

I chose to write on Freidrich Nietzsche . He was criticized for all of his writing because they were so controversial. He was mostly known for his statement â€Å"the Death of God†. It was said that a lot of his philosophies were misunderstood by most of his readers. He was commonly classified as a German philosopher. He believed in life, creativity, health, and the realities of the world we live in, rather than those situated in a world beyond. His key ideas were the death of god, perspectivism, the Ubermensch, the will to power, and the eternal recurrence. His philosophy was highly innovative and revolutionary but was also indebted to the pre-Socratic Greek thinker Heraclitus. Nietzsche frequently criticized Christianity in offensive and the most blasphemous ways possible. His views on morality were what got the most attention by other scholars. In his Daybreak he called himself an â€Å"immoralist† and often criticized the morality of his day. He wanted to create a new more naturalistic source of value in the fundamental impulses of life itself. He claims that Christianity had more of a master-slave morality than anything else. He associated the master-slave morality to that of the Jewish and Christian traditions. He associates good morals with charity, piety, restraint, meekness and submission and evil one’s being cruel, selfish, wealthy, and aggressive. He saw slave morality was mainly born out of the resentment slaves held toward their masters. It worked to give the slaves their own sense of inferiority over the wealthy or better off masters. His beliefs made it seem as if the slaves had chosen to be enslaved because they were believed to have the good morals. Their refusal to stand up for themselves was relabeled as meekness to further prove this point. Nietzsche argued that slave morality is essentially the morality of effectiveness since moral goodness involves anything that is helpful to whom is weak and poor. Nietzsche saw modern day Europe and its Christianity existing only as a hypocritical state due to the tension created by the master-slave morality. He made it clear that although he didn’t believe that morality was bad, it was just portrayed wrongfully. He believed that each individual should be responsible for their own morality and how they wanted to portray it. One of his favorite mottos was taken from Pindar was â€Å"Become what you are. † In Nietzsche’s view recent development in modern science and the increasing of secularization of European society had effectively â€Å"killed† the Christian God who served as a meaning and value in the west for more than a thousand years. He claimed that the death of god would eventually lead to the loss of any if not all universal perspective on things. The death of god would also cause people to hang on to their own multiple, diverse, fluid perspectives. This thought was eventually named perspectivism. But instead it was believed that the death of god would eventually go from perspectivism to nihilism or the belief that nothing had natural importance and that life itself lacked purpose. Nietzsche then said in The Spoke Zarathustra that an Ubermensch would be brought upon the people. He believed that only after a long twilight period with no God and nihilism Zarathustr’s gift of the superman would be given to mankind. Any problem that shall arise could be solved by the superman. An important element form his philosophical attitude was â€Å"will to power† which was a foundation for understanding motivation in human behavior. He held that the will to power was much more important than the force for adaptation or survival. According to him, it was only in limited situations where the drive for conservation was higher than the will to power, primarily when life was reduced to a state of poverty and limitation. He claimed that the natural condition of life was one of abundance. Later in his works he claimed that the will to power applied to all living things not just mankind. He suggested that adaptation and the struggle to survive came secondary in the evolution of animals and was less important than their desire to expand their power. He eventually took it even further claiming that even inorganic nature also followed the same rules. Nietzsche will to power was often compared to Schopenhauer’s will to live theory. Schopenhauer work was written an entire generation before Nietzsche and was believed to be borrowed. Schopenhauer’s belief was that the entire universe and everything in it was driven by a primordial will to live, resulting in all creatures’ desire to avoid death and procreate. Nietzsche however challenged this belief stating that people and animals really just want power and living in itself is only a subsidiary aim necessary to promote one’s own power. He backed up this belief by using competitive fighting as an example. He stated that people as well as animals were willing to risk their lives to gain power or higher ranking within their groups. Nietzsche was compared to other writers before him along with their views and beliefs on motivation of the human behavior, each time Nietzsche argued that in the end the will to power provided the most useful and general explanation. One of Nietzsche’s articles Eternal Return, was also known as the eternal recurrence, and was used as an answer to nihilism. In it he states that the wish for eternal return of all events would mark the ultimate affirmation of life. To comprehend the eternal recurrence in his thought and not to purely come to peace with it but to embrace it required the love of fate. Some people had stated that the Eternal Return was a crucial part of Nietzsche’s work and was central to his entire philosophy but was not widely discussed felt as though a large part of his philosophy was left untouched and unexplored. The basic explanation was that the universe was limited in extent and contained a finite amount of matter; time was viewed as being infinite. The universe however had no starting or ending state and matter comprised its constant changing state. The number of possible changes was infinite so sooner or later the same state would eventually occur. This concept was one of his most difficult to understand, he used it as an existential thought experiment. His most famous quote on eternal recurrence was called â€Å"the heaviest burden† and the best way to comprehend it was to let it be read by the reader. What if some day or night a demon were to steal after you into your loneliest loneliness and say to you: â€Å"This life as you now live it and have lived it, you will have to live once more and innumerable times more; and there will be nothing new in it, but ever pain and every joy and every thought and sigh and everything immeasurably small or great in your life must return to you-all in the same succession and sequence-even this spider and his moonlight between the trees, and even this moment and I myself. The eternal hourglass of existence is turned over and over, and you with it, a grain of dust! † Would you not throw yourself down and gnash your teeth and curse the demon who spoke thus? Or how well disposed would you have to become to yourself and to life to crave nothing more fervently that this ultimate eternal confirmation and seal? -Nietzsche

What Is Literature Review - 3725 Words

4. What is literature review? Discuss in not less than 2000 words Introduction: as a general rule, researchers should first investigate previous research to see whether or not others may have already addressed similar research problems and must acquaint themselves with the relevant literature. Literature review is used to help the researcher link concepts from other sources to his or her research, a good literature review require a balance. A literature review often forms part of a larger research project, such as within a thesis (or major research paper), or it may be an independent written work, such as a synthesis paper. While it should the format of a review of literature may vary from discipline to discipline and from assignment to†¦show more content†¦For example, researcher’s research objective, the problem or issue researcher is discussing or his/her argumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries. 8. According to university of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, A literature review discusses published information in a particular subject area, and sometimes information in a particular subject area within a certain time period. 9. Literature review provides arguments, concepts, theories, interpretations and styles of thinking relevant to the research project. The main purpose is to help the researcher develop a good understanding and insight into relevant previous research and the trends that have emerged. (Chartered of Institute Administrators and Management Consultants- Ghana lecture notes) Purpose of Literature Review: 1. Generally, the purpose of a review is to analyze critically a segment of a published body of knowledge through summary, classification, and comparison of prior research studies, reviews of literature, and theoretical article. 2. Literature review helps the investigator to avoid duplication of work that has been done before. It can provide clues as to where future research is heading or recommend areas on which to focus. It highlights key findings. It identifies inconsistencies, gaps and contradictions in the literature 3. It provides an excellent starting point for researchers beginning to doShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review on What Is Strategy1840 Words   |  8 Pagesthe Michael Porter (1996) literature ‘what is strategy’; one of the concept of the organization strategy can be understood as being â€Å"different† from the competitors and so with the different end outcome and added value to the organization as a long-term advantages. It means that, an industry or organization could be operated in a different way than it`s competitor, which will allow to achieve long-term value creation. In other words; strategy can be understood as, what are the organization uniqueRead MoreWhat ´s a Literature Review? Essays1818 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction A literature review is a study written by someone on a specific topic by researching relevant literature available and interpreting it (Aveyard, 2010). A research question is developed and by using relevant literature the question is analysed in detail (Aveyard, 2010). The literature review is important because it gives you a shorter version of all relevant literature on the topic chosen, this is so the reader does not have to access the number of literatures used (Aveyard, 2010).Read MoreLiterature Review. What Is Fair Trade?. In Recent Years,1134 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review What is Fair Trade? In recent years, there has been a drastic and noticeable change in the perceived need to support laborers in developing areas. The most popular and supported method of doing this is through a system known as â€Å"fair trade†. The system, simply put, is one created to transfer more profits, and thus a better living, to the workers who make them. This is done through a markup, or premium, in the price of the product (Rios, Finklestein, Landa, 2014). A large portionRead MoreImportance And Characteristics Of Literature Reviews1615 Words   |  7 PagesImportance and Characteristics of Literature Reviews A literature review examines existing research that is important to the work that you want to do. Literature reviews provide important background information and details about a specific research topic. Providing background information can help to demonstrate the importance of a topic, and can help to establish understanding of a subject or issue. 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Its purpose is to inform the reader what has been established about a topic and what the strengths and weaknesses are. A literature review must be defined by a guiding concept and should not be a list of all the material that you can find (Porter, S. 2008, p.49). What is

Obesity A Growing Problem - 796 Words

Overweight and obese children are a significant problem in the United States today. The amount of overweight adolescents and younger children have sky rocketed, and has more than tripled since the 1970s. Developing overweight habits while young inhibits an individual’s chances of being healthy later in life. In order to prevent the obesity epidemic in our country, the major causes and root problems of obesity must be explored and put to an end. Obviously, overeating and a lacking of physical activity both contribute immensely to obesity. The one most unaware to the public eye is the overwhelming availability of cheap food and how that affects social classes. Childhood obesity is an issue slowly swallowing the United States; becoming more pronounced every day due to overeating, little to no exercise, and product availability and easy access. To begin with, children today are consuming food in outrageous quantities, creating one of the biggest yet most obvious reasons for obesi ty: overeating. Although children do require extra calories to grow, they continuously take in way more than they burn off, creating unnecessary weight gain. (Brand, 1). Calorie consumption has increased dramatically among kids in the past few years. The largest increase of calorie intake per day was found in children ages 2-6, an average of 181 calories a day, and in extreme cases up to 586 calories. 121 are from snacking alone on calorie dense, energy lacking snacks. (Bishop, 2). Meredith BrandShow MoreRelatedObesity : A Growing Problem959 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Today in the United States, obesity is a growing problem. One-third of adults in the United States are obese which is about 78.6 million people (â€Å"Adult Obesity Facts† 1). The number of adults that are obese has quadrupled in the last thirty years. Childhood obesity has doubled in the last thirty years. In 1980, seven percent of children between the ages of six and eleven were obese. In 2012, eighteen percent of children in that same age group were obese. In 1980, five percent of teensRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem918 Words   |  4 PagesObesity is a growing problem in the United States, especially with children and adolescents. Since 1980 obesity rates have more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents. In 2012 more than one third of children in the United States were either overweight or obese. With obesity rates in children and adolescents continuing to grow, we need to educate ourselves to help lead a healthier lifestyle for our children. There a re many things that can cause obesity from health problems to poorRead MoreIs Obesity A Growing Problem? Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesmuscle health, an increase in body fat, and possible depression. Obesity is a growing problem in America not only with adults but also with school aged children. The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012. Similarly, the percentage of adolescents aged 12–19 years who were obese increased from 5% to nearly 21% over the same period (Childhood Obesity Facts, 2015). Being physically active can also help youth improveRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem1352 Words   |  6 Pagesdeveloped countries, especially in the United Kingdom, obesity is a growing problem and causes serious morbidity in western countries. The appearance of obesity is affecting the general public. The connection to be overweight or obesity is because of the body absorb calories mor e than the necessary. Western-style diet, lack of outdoors activities, emotions and genetics are the main reasons leading to people who suffer the obesity. The number of obesity continues to rise as a signal, conduce the publicRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem848 Words   |  4 PagesObesity related illnesses contribute to over 300,000 deaths per year in the U.S. We are a nation of overfed under nourished people with obesity becoming a pandemic. Obesity was once thought to be exclusively a social problem; it is now classified as a medical problem. It is a multibillion dollar industry. Losing weight is not just as simple as exercising more and eating less, as our society has grown more complex the obesity rate has risen. Obesity is a growing problem in the U.S. today caused primarilyRead MoreObesity : A Growing Problem1658 Words   |  7 PagesRunning head: ​​ ​​​​​ Obesity ​​​​​ JoAnne DuBois ​​​​ Pima Medical Institute Abstract Obesity continues to be a growing problem in the U.S. with diet and lifestyle as two major contributors. Americans are becoming less active and eating more unhealthy foods that are easily accessible. 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Because obesity is such a big issue in America, one might want to know how we could let it get this bad, but whoRead MoreChildhood Obesity: A Growing Problem795 Words   |  3 PagesChildhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. Many people may say it is the Child’s fault, he is weak willed. This is just a common misconception; there are hundreds of different reasons for childhood obesity. I will just be scratching the surface of this paper. B y the same token childhood obesity is a growing problem that needs to be resolved. We can achieve this by understanding some common misconceptions, understanding health problems, and understanding fitness. Therefore

American Culture - 1480 Words

Americanization Culture influences different aspects of an individual’s identity. In its purposefulness, it creates a feeling of belonging and a shared lifestyle among people, while it divides the world into communities of common customs, values, religion, practices, and law.1 American culture can be seen as more diverse and complex; however, people manage to find common ground through music, art, fashion, science, technology, worldviews and democracy. On the grander scale, Americanization greatly impacts foreign countries and has the power to control them. It is capable of compelling good influence over other nations and often times it succeeds in doing so. American cultural†¦show more content†¦These sitcoms and other media entertainment give countries insight into American culture through how Americans dress, how they eat, and often other products that would inspire purchasing and consumption. The shows also express how Americans live on a daily basis from technological adva ncements to social gatherings. Music Television (MTV) is a twenty-four-hour American television channel that delivers music videos, celebrity news, music events and more. All over the world, individuals indulge in this channel and adapt to its taste in music as well as fashion. Not only has MTV served as a tool to stimulate consumer purchase, but has shown women in places like India that there is hope for modernity and liberty. MTV India, portrays modern Indian women as Vee-Jays or music on-air announcers.11 Music videos portray American values, beliefs and norms that foreigners may find appealing. In numerous hip-hop videos, rappers flaunt gaudy gold jewelry covered by diamonds and other gemstones while parading themselves in vehicles that most normal Americans cannot afford. Another feature on MTV is a show called â€Å"MTV Cribs† which shows the opulent houses and lifestyles of the rich and famous. While certain videos promote this ideal, other videos oftenShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of American Culture With The Culture1344 Words   |  6 PagesA Comparison of American Culture with the Culture of the Kung People in Kalahari Desert in South Africa Culture is defined as the way of life that a particular group of people practice because such practices determine vast aspects of their lives. Culture is fostered by social and environmental aspects. Thus, different people in the world respond to their surrounding environment in vast ways and such responses inflict the cultural aspects. The most amazing fact about culture is that everyone in theRead MoreAmerican Culture And Their Influence On The Culture960 Words   |  4 PagesOften in the case of anthropology people like to view the extreme sides of the field; either popular culture, typically seen in the United States, or remote locations only impacted by their local folk culture. In Return to Laughter, Lauren Bohannon, or her nom de plume Elenore Smith Bowen, experiences the latter as she leaves the comfort of her first world culture to spend time with the Tiv tribe in Western Africa. The Tiv is a group that lives quite differently from what Bowen is used to. They liveRead MoreC ulture : The American Culture1014 Words   |  5 PagesCulture cannot be defined because it is completely unique to the individual. Culture is something that we choose to create which helps identify ourselves as a person. Throughout the world there are many different cultures. Culture can can be based on things such as language, religion, and tradition or customs that we were raised in. Culture allows for groups of people to come together with similar interests and backgrounds to come share one common ground. Culture is everywhere we look and is in ourRead MoreReflection On The American Culture1384 Words   |  6 PagesReflection on Class Sources American culture refers to the traditions and practices of the people of the United States. Culture comprises of the nature of buildings, religion, music language and marriage. The population of the United States is more than 320 million people making it the most culturally diverse country in the globe. Books such as Crabgrass Frontier, Manifest Destination and Muscular Christianity are important sources of information about American culture. This paper is a reflectionRead MoreMulticulturalism And The American Culture871 Words   |  4 Pagesto understand and appreciate different cultures. Multicultural education seeks to reduce social conflict between minority groups because it allows the majority (Americans) to have a better understanding of the nations vast amounts of diverse cultures. In relation to the English-only laws, it sees the notion of multiculturalism as undermining American traditions and history. They tend to favor cultural literacy, in which schools teach and empath ize American values in the educational system. MulticulturalismRead MoreThe American Culture : Key Values10736 Words   |  43 PagesThe American Culture Some Key Values †¢ Individuality †¢ Results orientation †¢ Pragmatism †¢ Direct communication style Greetings and Goodbyes For most Americans a smile and verbal greeting are appropriate. In a business context, however, a firm handshake is used. Weak handshakes can be perceived as a sign of weakness. It is likely the handshake will be brief. Men usually wait for women to offer their hand before shaking. Also, direct eye contact is also appreciated. Americans tend to dislike over-formalisedRead MoreThe Culture Of American College2371 Words   |  10 PagesCultures vary tremendously throughout the world and within many of these cultures are sub-cultures that do not necessarily operate under the same standards for example, the culture of American college students. â€Å"Subcultures, according to Clark and Trow, represent clusters of attitudes, norms, and models of behaviors rather than groups of people† (Warren, 1968). It is hard for someone to not have any ethnocentric bias to a culture they have not yet been part of or witnessed first hand. TransitioningRead MoreThe Culture Of American Culture1414 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican culture is portrayed as that of every other countries traditions, rituals, and cultures. As Americans, do we know our culture to be as anything other than that of a melting pot? That being said, is it ok to say for us to say,†I can take your culture because it’s meant to be shared any way. 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And if they understand each other better in their soul, it is easier to overcome the economic and political barriers. But first they have to understand that their neighbor is, in the end, just like them, with the same problems, the same questions.†- Paulo Coelho. According to Paulo Coelho, in order to better overcome the worldwide obstacles, we should try to understand each other’s cultures. Through this paper, I will try to show you the main differences

Understanding the Creative Media Sector Free Essays

string(71) " have work coming in and when you are looking for new work to go into\." Understanding the Creative Media Sector. Assignment 4 unit 7 Nolan Benson ? Nolan Seth Benson Assignment 4 Unit 7 CONTENTS PAGE Page 12 – INTRODUCTION Page 34 – PRO’S AND CON’S OF FREELANCING Page 56 – IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING Page 78 – VARIETY OF EMPLOYMENT ROLES Page 910 – OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION Page 1011 – CONCLUSIONBIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION When you make a conscious decision to study and work towards something educationally, you have to know exactly what you want and where you want to go after the course, and what you will gain from the course. Obviously when you start you have goals to work towards, so when it all comes together there is no better feeling. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding the Creative Media Sector or any similar topic only for you Order Now Knowing what you want is vital when choosing a career path, so putting in lots and lots of research will defiantly benefit you in the long run. When it comes to making a decision about your career path always keep yourself in mind and remember that you will have to make some sacrifices when it comes to getting your dream job. Our generation, the youth of today has been brought up in a false culture when instant ratification plays a major role in our day-to-day lives. Technology is always moving on and up to better things making us, and our world a more sophisticated place to live in. When it comes to employment opportunities, the world is your oyster. Especially living in England, we have connections all over the world so broadening your horizons will always benefit you in the long run, by the end of this report we should be able to understand exactly what opportunities and where will come your way when becoming a broadcast journalist. We will consider the types of potential positions you could work in when working towards your final destination, I mean there is no fun in just getting to the top of your field without working hard in all different areas before. It’s highly unlikely that you will be able to jump right into what you want to do. You must take into consideration all the different things you will have to do and learn in order to acquire the skills that you will need to become a top broadcast journalist. Starting from the bottom and making your way to the top is ideal by the end of this report we will find out exactly how to start at the bottom, make contact’s and connection that will ultimately help you in getting to the top. We will also have an in-depth look into all the places where people advertise for jobs and roles in the broadcast and journalism fields. We will look online especially because everything is going digital, but we will also have a look into what magazines and newspapers advertise for this sector. We will also have a look at the importance of making good friends and acquaintances in the industry that can ultimately help you to elevate yourself above the rest of the competition and get you to your end goal. The importance of personal growth is not only a key factor in the broadcast and journalism sectors, but also in life itself. So when an opportunity comes around for you to gain knowledge and an understanding of your sector, grabbing it with both hands is really important. Make mistakes as you go, but make sure you never make the same mistake twice. Also actively seeking workshops or courses that will enhance your knowledge is key. So don’t be lazy, be proactive! PRO’S AND CON’S OF FREELANCING PRO’S One of the pros of freelancing in the media industry is the fact that your working hours can be really flexible, this flexibility is great because it often means that you get to choose what hours you work, especially when working from home. This cuts down the time and money you spend commuting to and from work every day. Often when you get freelance work in the media industry it’s got to be in on a certain deadline, this gives you the option to manage your time the way you want to spend it. If you’re a night owl, you can spend your day working on other projects, hobbies or simply enjoying the ‘free time’, with evenings spent working. Alternatively, if you wish to cram in lots of work into a 3-day week, it’s your prerogative as long as you meet your deadline and deliver quality work. However if you find that you aren’t really motivated when you are at home and can’t find the time to put in quality work under your own systems, then you seriously have to recognise and realise because handing in work of a poor quality will only tarnish your name and your reputation. If you manage to become an established media freelancer people will trust you with work they need done. Getting to this point will take years and years of hard work and dedication but once you are established you will never find yourself without something to do. As a result of becoming established you get to choose exactly what work you want to do so if you particularly enjoy doing one aspect of film for example, you may be lucky enough to earn a steady income just doing that. But if you get bored there is always an opportunity to do some other medium of work. CON’S As a freelancer, especially if you are still up and coming and not established and well known, your work and income for the month may not always be guaranteed. One major consideration you have to take in as a freelancer is weather you’ll be able to secure enough work to meet your financial needs. You might find that you will have to build up a portfolio of clientele, or if you are contracting yourself out to media companies there could well be dry spells when you don’t have work coming in and when you are looking for new work to go into. You read "Understanding the Creative Media Sector" in category "Essay examples" So if you are considering freelancing, then it would be a good idea to either take on some part-time work while you build your portfolio of clientele, or you could save a little bit from each job as a contingency plan for when the work becomes scarce. You should also defiantly keep yourself in the loop when it comes to the world you are living in, recessions and economic slowdown can hit freelancers and contractors really badly. As a freelancer, unless you have your own accountant, you’ll have to take care of your own bookkeeping duties and tax affairs. Weather you’ve set yourself up as a sole trader or a limited company, you’ll need to be up-to-date and precise when it comes to your tax affairs because you could be audited at any given time. PRO/CON You are your own boss! Becoming your own boss defiantly has its plus sides. For example, if you choose to take a week off on holiday, you don’t have to ask anyone else. There is no set start time for you to get to work, and there is no clock watching, waiting for the end of the day to arrive. You and only you reap the rewards and praise for your work, and you don’t have to share the profits with anybody else. However, having no boss to make sure you are working can also have its downsides. For one, you will be liable for your reputation and any problems that arise. Your reputation, once dented, may take a long time to recover if you have networked extensively. There will be no one to share the load when the going gets tough, and you will have to deal with all your clients and their problems by yourself. Nevertheless, all of the above are hypothetical scenarios, and the chances are that if you are dedicated, passionate, motivated and punctual, then you will be able to make a success of yourself and your career when freelancing in the industry. IMPORTANCE OF NETWORKING Why is networking so important within the industry? Incorrect networking could mean disaster when it comes to trying to progress in your chosen career. Networking done improperly could tarnish your name and your reputation within the industry. But done properly it is a key that will unlock many doors on the path towards making a well-respected name for yourself in the industry. I’m going to give you five points on why networking and meeting new people is key to progressing in your chosen career path. 1. Networking is a really successful way to meet contacts that you would previously had no way of meeting or contacting. Meeting a prospective client face to face at a networking event or meeting is by far the best and most reliable and successful way to go about fixing up a business meeting with that person. If a physical and personal relationship is established before you pick up the phone or swop business cards and information – your chances of doing successful business together with that person probably tripled then if you had just cold called them. 2. Do not forget that everyone you network with has somebody else that they know. Although your immediate group is extremely important, everyone that they know is as well. Your referral circle is widened greatly by joining a group of networking contacts. 3. If you do a good job for your customer and that said customer decides to recommend and refer you and your services to four of their colleagues, friends and family-that’s great. However if you’re part of a big networking group that meets once a month, and only ten-twenty members tell somebody they know about you and your business already your exposure has more than doubled. This is great because this gets more people aware and talking about you and what you can offer. By growing the right network, the ultimate in â€Å"Word of mouth† marketing takes place. You promote your network, and your network ultimately promotes you. 4. It’s like having your own management team on standby. Businesses need to be prepared for all types of eventualities, especially in a recession. Unfortunately in a tough economic climate anything can happen and instead of having to rely on people and business that you don’t know in hard times – if you network strategically then you should have a selected group of people at your fingertips that you can call upon, if and when, you need support or elp. 5. If you are a small business or a just getting started in the industry you may feel that a networking group could bring to much business, workload that you might not be able to handle right now, due to being busy or understaffed etc. fear not though, networking provides you with a key to business –choice, its not like you are forced to do accept every piece of work that comes your way, instead you have the luxury of picking and choosing which customers and which work suits you and your schedule. Sometimes if businesses are desperate for work then they are forced to take on anything that comes their way, even if it does mean working for less money. If there is a choice of clientele, then you maybe able to pick and choose whom you do business with. This gives you the ultimate freedom to work with people that will benefit your business and that will bring out the best in your work. VARIETY OF EMPLOYMENT ROLES (Broadcast Journalist) What can you expect and do in the job? Broadcast journalism is the collection, verification and analysis of information about key events, which affect society and the people within society, the publication of information in a fair, accurate, impartial and balanced way to fulfil the publics right to know in a democratic society. This contains and involves a wide variety of media including radio, television the Internet and wireless devices. Broadcasting journalists involved with working in the television industry work in a number of different roles and genres, these include; news, current affairs, or documentaries. Broadcasting companies may also employ them, or they could work on a freelance basis. The role of a Broadcast Journalist is to turn information into pictures and sound, reporting and producing live and/or recorded packages as well as researching, preparing and reading bulletins. You will be responsible for generating content from a wide range of subjects. You will be encouraging new contributors and developing their ideas as well as your own. You are likely to be working as part of a team, generating your own stories and bringing on board new ideas. ?You will be initiating and producing a wide range of news and current affairs material nd will be expected to carry out in-depth research to a broad brief, write material for programme scripts, bulletins etc and at all times exercise excellent editorial judgement and adhere to legal and good practice guidelines. ?You may carry out interviews and reporting duties, in both recorded and live situations, in a studio or perhaps on location. Y ou can expect to be involved in originating and developing programme ideas to support forward planning of material and future programmes and provide briefings for reporters, camera crews and other resources staff and contributors.? You will need to operate broadcast equipment: in radio, portable recording equipment, self-operating outside broadcasting vehicles and studio equipment in television, to direct camera crews on pre-recorded and live coverage, to oversee editing and operate gallery equipment.? You may be responsible for programme budgets, ensuring effective use of money and resources, supervise the work of Broadcast Assistants and most certainly, as a Broadcast Journalist you would need to develop and maintain local and perhaps national contacts and fulfill a public relations role. ww. startintv. com How to start and where you can go with it? Broadcast journalists should have successfully completed a degree in broadcast journalism, multi-media, TV or online journalism to name but a few. Everybody’s path is always different, but keeping opportunities open and available is key to getting the correct qualifications. IT and word processing qualifications are also required. Broadcast journalists obvi ously start their careers either as a runner or an assistant to an executive. Other starting points could be as a researcher or a newsroom assistant, progression to becoming an on screen reporter, special correspondent, news presenters, and bulletin or programme editor will always be available if you are prepared to put in the hours as an assistant or researcher, becoming fluent in all these aspects will only serve to benefit you down the line. As a broadcast journalist you may also move into programme production or management roles, or become journalists, newspaper reporters or writers. Some broadcast journalists may also start their careers working as newspaper or other print press journalists. The opportunity for career progression as broadcast journalist is ever growing, jobs are available across a range of functions, requiring different skills, knowledge and experience. Initially, a recognized journalistic qualification or substantial practical experience (3years+) is a good starting point. A special interest, for example, in sport, entertainment, fashion, arts etc, with a good general knowledge of current affairs would defiantly support your career as a broadcast journalist. OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATION Professional Documentation/Portfolio In this fast paced an ever-changing world we live in the need for you to advertise yourself and your work as a business is vital in progressing to any higher statues you may want to achieve. The need for professional documentation is vital for prospective businesses and employers you hope to work for. Presenting yourself in a professional manner is important because the person looking you up for a job, the first thing he/she will look at is your c. v. , on your c. v. s everything about you and your career interests, if this is not professional people will not take you seriously. Having a website that can also show your work to prospective clientele is also a key factor is securing yourself a regular income doing what you love, the internet can offer people information almost instantly, this is great because companies will be trolling the web looking for the relevant people. So if your website is professional and portray s professional work done by yourself, consider it a key step in the right direction for you career. Also every time you do business with somebody make sure he/she is satisfied and satisfied enough to the point that they will write a good reference about you and what you do for future clients to see. These references are extremely important because they offer justification about what you can do to future business partners. Also keeping all the work you have ever done in a portfolio will only set you in good stead in the future with prospective employers and business partners. Another important thing to keep in mind when becoming a broadcast journalist is to be ever learning and experiencing new things. If you are constantly gaining recognised skills and qualifications it will only benefit you and your career in a positive way, being ahead of your competition at all times will set you in good stead when working to becoming the best in what you do. Gaining skills will always put you one step ahead of the rest. So do as many courses as you can in as many different areas as you can. They key to life is education so constantly education yourself will only allow people to understand and take you more seriously, and hopefully the people you are trying to reach will listen. Maintaining professional behaviour and conduct at all times will only benefit you and your career. No body likes a smart arsed know it all, rather give yourself and your employers and colleagues 100% satisfaction by not rocking up to work late, being punctual will only help to progress your career, obviously if there was one position left and you and one other person had applied, if you have respect and your attendance, punctuality, commitment are all on point and his aren’t then just by maintaining professional behaviour you will get the promotion over the slacker any day. Being professional is vital; saying the wrong thing at the wrong time can cost you your job and your reputation in this industry. Its cut throat and the situations you may find yourself in are high pressure, so if you take care of the small things like being smart, arriving on time and having good manners, for example, the big things will take care of themselves. CONCLUSION Broadcast journalists can expect a long and invigorating career, provided they constantly work at progressing and learning as much as possible, if you are prepared to put in the long hours for a small story then you can do nothing but progress into high positions of power. Becoming a sought after, well-respected individual will only help you to make a successful career for yourself as a journalist. To become a broadcast journalist, you should have: †¢excellent communication and ‘people’ skills †¢good listening and questioning skills †¢empathy and tact †¢good writing and research skills confidence and a clear speaking voice †¢persistence and motivation †¢calmness under pressure and the ability to meet tight deadlines †¢a creative approach with the ability to ‘think on your feet’ when necessary †¢an understanding of what makes a good news story †¢a high degree of accuracy and attention to detail the ability to work on your own initiative and also as part of a team. BIBLIOGRAPHY www. acareerchange. co. uk www. careers. guardian. co. uk www. bni. eu/regional-news www. startintv. com/jobs/broadcast www. nationalcareersservice. direct. gov. uk/advice How to cite Understanding the Creative Media Sector, Essay examples

Supernatural Forces cause the Fall of Man in Macbe Essay Example For Students

Supernatural Forces cause the Fall of Man in Macbe Essay thIn Shakespeares Macbeth supernatural forces create a suspenseful atmosphere. The use of the supernatural in the witches, the visions, the ghost and the apparitions provides the backbone of the climax and excuses for Macbeths change of character. Because conscience plays such a central role in Macbeths tragic struggle, many critics use spiritual and supernatural theories to illuminate the dramas character development. The play opens with the use of the supernatural when three witches encounter Macbeth on his way home from a battle and proceed to predict his fate. This gives the audience a glimpse of the path the play will follow. The witches plan to meet again, When the battles (battle is) lost and won (I. I. 1-4). This theme becomes recurring throughout the play. It can be noted that the witches meet after every battle is lost and won, and every battle, whether man against man, man against nature or man against himself it will always be lost by one side and won by another. Eventual ly Macbeth will lose the battle for his soul. Literary critic, Charles Lamb quotes, When we read the incantations of the Witches in Macbeth, though some of the ingredients of their hellish composition savour of the grotesque, yet is the effect upon us other than the most serious and appalling that can be imagined? Do we not feel spell-bound as Macbeth was? (Lamb). After the witches reveal the fate of Macbeth becoming king, he begins to develop an immoral plan to carry out the prophecy. The only way for Macbeth to have the throne will be to wait or to kill King Duncan. Macbeth already knew of his future as king due to the witches forecast of his future, so how he went about getting there did not concern Macbeth. Had the three sisters not confronted Macbeth with the news of his possible future would he have thought of a deviant plan to murder King Duncan, and better yet, would he have had a future as a king at all? Another critic of Shakespearean Literature believes Their (the witches ) two appearances divide the tragedy in two movements, the one of which unfolds the crime, and other as punishment. (Snider 289) If you refer back to the text you will find just as the witches appear before Macbeth the first time, the plot to murder King Duncan begins and immediately after the second visitation, the events leading to Macbeths death take place. Had the three witches not encountered Macbeth that day, would Duncan still be alive? The three sisters held the power of motivating Macbeth to kill Duncan by planting the idea in his head that he could be king. The ghostly dagger, which led Macbeth to Duncans chamber, also represents the supernatural forces that cause the fall of Macbeth. His benumbed isolation before, during and right after Duncans murder is one of the most vivid memories, and we can see him in the same abstraction again among the mourners after Duncan is found. (Manyard 62) Macbeths memories of the murder of King Duncan were too cloudy for him to remember be cause the disillusionment and distraction of the knife influenced him to go through with killing Duncan. Macbeth followed the bloody dagger to Duncans room and even thought twice about murdering the king. Manyard also states Shakespeare emphasizes the visibility of the dagger, partly, I suppose, because it is an instrument of powers that will repeatedly with blood, daggers, ghosts, and every insidious form of apparition- work on Macbeths sight and partly too because its appearance at this moment defines with characteristic ambiguity the complex kinds of sources of experience to which Macbeth as a tragic hero is sensitive. (Manyard 70) Macbeth exhibits sensitivity towards what he does not understand or comprehend. These strange occurrences bring forth Macbeths uncertainty of the unnatural, causing his character to have two paths to travel down: the right one or the wrong one. The floating dagger along with emotions and adrenaline coaxed Macbeth to the murder. Had he not encountered dagger, he wouldnt have ever traveled up the stairs to Duncans chamber. Banquos ghost is yet another paranormal experience Macbeth encounters, and also the one that sent Macbeth over the edge. Author Ludwig Jekels felt that the poet dramatizes, with wonderful clarity, the fear of the son (Banquo) now the father, upon confronting, in his own son (Macbeth), the same hostility that he (Macbeth) had harbored on his own father (Duncan). (Jekels 227) Banquos ghost returned to torture Macbeth indefinitely. Eventually, the ghost drives Macbeth to his own, unintended, self-destruction. In act 3, scene 4, lines 112-115 Macbeth says to Lady Macbeth, Can such things be and overcome us like a summers cloud, without our special wonder? You make me strange even to the disposition that owe (my own nature). (3.4.112-115) After all Macbeth has been through at this point, the witches and apparitions, he still cant grasp his connection to the supernatural. This proves that Macbeth fell under the influe nce of the supernatural without knowing. Accredited author J. L. F. Flathe quotes, But we are constrained to ask, what devil gives the devil such power over this poor devil Macbeth that he is so immediately led astray, while we see, in the case of Banquo, that any man who chooses can easily withstand the devil? (Flathe 200) Any given persons human nature tempts them to take an easier path if shown the way. Some people exhibit more hardworking and honest traits than others. Macbeth was deceitful and dishonest, therefore following the path of the devil. Macbeth suffered the consequences of his actions by death. Though Banquo also suffered consequences of honesty, his heirs benefited in the long run by inheriting the crown. Macbeths decisions were influenced by supernatural encounters, causing him to tragically meet a doomed fate. These paranormal experiences and influences caused Macbeth to choose certain paths, only to lead him to self-destruction. Had the witches, ghosts, and vision s not occurred throughout the play, what other courses would have been walked to lead him to his ill-fated destiny? Without the guidance of these forces, Macbeths fate would have been altered and the plot would be non-existent. Works CitedFlathe, J. L. F. Banquo is Innocent. In Shakespearean Criticism. Vol. 3. 199-201. .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a , .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .postImageUrl , .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a , .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:hover , .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:visited , .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:active { border:0!important; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:active , .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7165e2405e32784a163febee64d58e9a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Carpe Diem: The Golden Chance Essay Jekels, Ludwig. Psychoanalytical Structure of Macbeth. In Shakespearean Criticism. Vol. 3. 226-227. Lamb, Charles. The Tragedies of Shakespeare. Electric Library @ AOL. Jan. 1992Electric Library @ AOL. 1. Jan. 1992 http://www.elibrary.com/s/aolpe/getdoc.cgi?id=161951287x127y60353w0oids=0q001d003form =rlpubname=greMaginn, William. The Gloomiest of Plays. In Shakespearean Criticism. Vol. 3. 193. Manyard, Mack Jr. The Voice in the Sword. Modern Critical Interpretations ofMacbeth . Ed. Harold Bloom. New York. Chelsea House Publishers. 1987. Shakespeare, William. Macbeth.Snider, Denton. Tragedy of the Imagination. In Shakespearean Criticism Vol. 3. 208- 209.